Explore the Cutting Edge of Peptide Research

The 'body protection compound' extensively researched for gut-to-tendon healing mechanisms

BPC-157 is a synthetic 15-amino-acid peptide originally derived from a larger gastric protective protein fraction identified in stomach mucosa. It has attracted sustained scientific interest because it appears to interact with multiple biological pathways involved in tissue integrity, vascular signaling, and stress responses in preclinical research models.

Fragment of thymosin beta-4 investigated for accelerated tissue repair and cell migration

TB-500 is a synthetic 7-amino-acid fragment (Ac-LKKTETQ) from thymosin beta-4's actin-binding site that promotes tissue repair through G-actin sequestration, ROCK1 downregulation, cell migration, progenitor cell mobilization, angiogenesis, and anti-inflammatory effects. Phase 2 human trials show 61% improvement in wound reepithelialization by day 7.

Copper-peptide complex studied for its role in wound healing and collagen remodeling

GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide that promotes wound healing through keratinocyte migration, increased VEGF/bFGF expression, decorin and collagen production, elastin and glycosaminoglycan synthesis, while remodeling tissue via MMP-2/MMP-9 activation and TIMP-1/TIMP-2 modulation to organize collagen and elastin fibers.

Tetrapeptide investigated for telomerase activation and potential lifespan extension

Epithalon is a synthetic tetrapeptide that activates telomerase primarily by upregulating hTERT gene expression, extending telomeres by approximately 33.3% in human somatic cells and increasing proliferative potential beyond the Hayflick limit (from 34 to 44+ passages in fetal fibroblasts). Developed by Vladimir Khavinson from pineal gland extract research.

Senolytic peptide designed to selectively target aging cells in research models

FOXO4-DRI is a D-retro-inverso peptide that selectively induces apoptosis in senescent cells by disrupting FOXO4-p53 nuclear complexes, causing p53 nuclear exclusion, mitochondrial translocation, BAX activation, cytochrome C release, and caspase-3/7-mediated intrinsic apoptosis while sparing healthy cells.

Mitochondrial-derived 'exercise mimetic' studied for metabolic and longevity benefits

MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) encoded within the 12S rRNA gene of mitochondrial DNA. Discovered in 2015, it functions as an 'exercise mimetic' through AMPK activation, NAD+ elevation, and sirtuin activation, with levels declining approximately 21% in elderly populations and higher levels observed in centenarians.

Neuroprotective peptide discovered in Alzheimer's research, studied for cellular survival

Humanin is a 24-amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide originally discovered in surviving neurons of Alzheimer's disease patients. It exerts neuroprotective effects primarily by inhibiting apoptosis via BAX binding, mitigating oxidative stress, preserving mitochondrial function, and counteracting neurotoxic insults like amyloid-beta in multiple disease models.

GLP-1 analog extensively studied for metabolic regulation and weight management research

GLP1-S is a GLP-1 receptor agonist peptide analog with 94% homology to human GLP-1. It is FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management under various brand names. Research-grade glp1-s is studied separately from approved pharmaceutical products.

Dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist investigated for superior metabolic outcomes

GLP2-T is an FDA-approved dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist with imbalanced potency favoring GIPR (equal to native GIP) over GLP-1R (~5-fold weaker than native GLP-1). SURPASS trials showed HbA1c reductions of 1.8-2.4% and weight loss of 7-12 kg; SURMOUNT trials achieved 15-22.5% body weight reduction over 72 weeks.