For research and educational purposes only. Not intended for human consumption.
MOTS-c
Extensively Studied- •2025 pancreatic islet senescence prevention
- •CK2 binding mechanism confirmed
- •Exercise-mimetic effects validated
Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c | Metabolic Peptide
Overview
What is MOTS-c?
MOTS-c is a 16-amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded by the mitochondrial genome. It acts as a mitohormone that regulates metabolic homeostasis, enhances insulin sensitivity, and promotes longevity. 2024-2025 research shows MOTS-c prevents pancreatic islet cell senescence, delays diabetes progression, and mimics exercise by binding casein kinase 2 (CK2) in skeletal muscle. MOTS-c levels decline with age, correlating with poorer metabolic health. Banned by WADA
Key Benefits
Enhanced insulin sensitivity, improved glucose metabolism through AMPK activation, exercise-mimetic effects (boosts glucose uptake, fat oxidation without exercise), prevents pancreatic islet senescence (2025), potential longevity benefits. Levels decline with age but remain stable in long-lived species like naked mole-rats.
Mechanism of Action
MOTS-c operates through the Folate-AICAR-AMPK pathway. 2024 research confirms it binds casein kinase 2 (CK2) in skeletal muscle to boost glucose uptake and fat oxidation. Under metabolic stress, it translocates to the nucleus and binds stress-response transcription factors (NRF2, ATF1/ATF7). Effects are akin to metformin.
Molecular Information
Pharmacokinetics
Research Indications
Insulin Resistance
Improves insulin sensitivity by ~30% in animal studies through AMPK activation. Enhances glucose uptake in skeletal muscle.
Type 2 Diabetes
Clinical trials show improved glucose homeostasis. Restores metabolic function through enhanced insulin receptor sensitization.
Obesity Prevention
Prevents obesity despite identical caloric intake in animal models. Promotes fatty acid oxidation and thermogenesis.
Research Protocols
Disclaimer: MOTS-c is banned by WADA as an AMPK activator. These are commonly discussed research protocols. Consult a healthcare provider before use.
| Goal | Dose | Frequency | Route |
|---|---|---|---|
| Metabolic health | 5-10mg | Once daily | Subcutaneous |
| Anti-aging protocol | 15mg | 3x weekly | Subcutaneous |
| Exercise performance | 10-15mg | Pre-workout | Subcutaneous |
| Conservative start | 5mg | Once daily | Subcutaneous |
Timing: Optimal timing is morning before exercise. Exercise enhances endogenous MOTS-c production by 11.9-fold in muscle tissue. AMPK activation occurs within 30 minutes of administration.
Peptide Interactions
How to Reconstitute
Important: Always use bacteriostatic water (BAC). Sterile technique is essential.
Allow vial to reach room temperature (15-20 minutes)
Calculate required BAC water volume using calculator
Draw BAC water into syringe
Inject slowly down vial side (not directly onto powder)
Gently swirl until dissolved (never shake vigorously)
Store reconstituted solution at 2-8°C and use within 14 days
Dosing Calculator
Calculate your injection volume with visual dosing guide
To obtain 250 mcg from this solution:
Draw 0.10 mL=10 units
(1 mL = 100 units on any insulin syringe)
Draw to this mark for 250 mcg
This calculator is for research purposes only. Always verify calculations and consult protocols.
Quality Indicators
White to Off-White Powder
Lyophilized powder should appear uniform without discoloration.
Clear Solution After Reconstitution
Should be colorless and clear without particles or cloudiness.
Sequence Verification
Confirm peptide sequence with Certificate of Analysis showing purity >95%.
Limited Human Data
Clinical safety data is limited. Start with conservative doses.
No FDA Approval
Not FDA-approved for human therapeutic use.
WADA Banned Substance
Prohibited by World Anti-Doping Agency as AMPK activator.
What to Expect
- •Week 1-2: AMPK pathway activation, initial glucose tolerance improvements
- •Week 2-4: Enhanced exercise capacity, improved insulin sensitivity
- •Week 4-8: Sustained metabolic benefits, potential body composition improvements
- •Week 8-12: Maximum mitochondrial function enhancement, metabolic flexibility
- •Side effects: Generally mild, possible injection site reactions
Side Effects & Safety
Side Effects
- •Generally well-tolerated in animal studies with minimal side effects
- •Monitor blood glucose if using diabetes medications - may require dose adjustments
- •Limited long-term human safety data - use with appropriate medical supervision
- •May cause mild injection site reactions (redness, swelling)
- •Not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding
- •Prohibited by WADA for competitive athletes (metabolic modulator)
When to Stop
- •Severe blood glucose changes
- •Allergic reactions
- •Persistent injection site issues
- •Before athletic competition (WADA)
- •Consult healthcare provider
References
5 StudiesPancreatic Islet Senescence Prevention (2025)
Animal/Preclinical | MOTS-c administration | Delays diabetes progression
2025 study showed MOTS-c prevents pancreatic islet cell senescence, delaying diabetes progression. Effects on metabolite profiles (reduced purine/dipeptide metabolism, increased acylcarnitine/methionine cycle) similar to metformin.
View StudyCK2 Binding & Exercise-Mimetic Effects (2024)
Animal | Skeletal muscle analysis | Exercise-like metabolic benefits
2024 study confirmed MOTS-c mimics exercise by binding casein kinase 2 (CK2) in skeletal muscle, boosting glucose uptake, fat oxidation, and insulin sensitivity without actual exercise.
Type 2 Diabetes Rat Model (2024)
Animal | T2D rat model | Restored mitochondrial function
In T2D rats, MOTS-c restored mitochondrial respiration, increased mitochondrial content via AMPK pathway activation, improved glucose handling, reduced weight gain, and reversed cardiac hypertrophy.
Quick Start Guide
Research Disclaimer
MOTS-c is sold for laboratory research purposes only and is not intended for human or animal consumption. The information provided on this page is compiled from published research, veterinary studies, and anecdotal reports for educational purposes. This content does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Any research involving MOTS-c must comply with all applicable local, state, and federal regulations. BioInfinity Lab makes no claims regarding the safety or efficacy of MOTS-c for any purpose. Consult qualified professionals for any research applications.