Antimicrobial

KPV is the C-terminal tripeptide (Lys-Pro-Val) of α-MSH that exerts anti-inflammatory effects primarily through intracellular mechanisms independent of melanocortin receptors. It is transported into cells via PepT1, where it inhibits NF-κB signaling, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-12) while not affecting anti-inflammatory IL-10.

LL-37 is the only human cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptide, promoting wound healing through anti-biofilm/antibacterial activity, enhanced re-epithelialization via keratinocyte/fibroblast/endothelial cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and MAPK pathway activation (ERK, JNK, p38) for collagen deposition and tissue repair.